The social role assigned to medieval women did not, by definition, include their active participation in power and political life, although there were always female rulers who defied the prevailing standards. Sometimes they acted behind the scenes, sometimes they openly controlled politics and internal affairs. The succession to the throne could be decided by the mother acting against the political line pushed by the prince's spouse, the conclusion of peace negotiated by the spouse, and the spouse's activity could decide whether the throne was maintained. The paper will present selected representatives of the Přemyslid dynasty (Wirpirk, Swatawa, Rycheza, Elizabeth of Hungary) and their activity on the contemporary political scene.